*参数说明: LYD105A HITACHI 传感器 控制板模块

ARP:地址解析协议，即ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)，是根据IP地址获取物理地址的一个TCP/IP协议

DHCP:(动态主机配置协议）是一个局域网的网络协议。指的是由服务器控制一段IP地范围，客户机登录服务器时就可以自动获得服务器分配的IP地址和子网掩码

应用层数据怎么发到以太网网络中去?

每个分层中，都会对所发送的数据附加一个首部，在这个首部中包含了该层必要的信息，如发送的目标地址上以及协议相关信息。通常，为协议提供的信息为包首部，所要发送的内容为数据。在下一层的角度看，从上一层收到的包全部都被认为是本层的数据

IP首部:

1)4位版本:目前的协议版本号是4.

(2)4位首部长度:首部占32bit字的数目，包括任何选项，由于它是一个4比特字段，因此首部最长为60个字节。

(3)8位服务类型(TOS):包括一个3bit的优先权子字段，4bit的TOS子字段，1bit未用位但必须置0。4bit的TOS分别代表:最小时延、最大吞吐量、最高可靠性和最小费用，4bit中同时只能置其中1bit为1,。如果所有4bit均为0，那就意味着是一般服务。

(4)16位总长度:指整个P数据报的长度，以字节为单位。利用首部长度字段和总长度字段，就可以知道IP数据报中数据内容的起始位置和长度。由于该字段长16比特，所以IP数据包最长可达65535字节，当数据报被分片时，该字段的值也随着变化。

(5)16位标识:唯一标识主机发送的每一份数据报，通常每发送—份报文它的值就会加1。

(6)3位标志

(7)13位片偏移

(8)8位生存时间:TTL设置了数据报可以经过的最多路由器数，它指定了数据报的生存时间。TTL的初始值由源主机设置（通常为32或64)，一旦经过一个处理它的路由器，它的值就减去1.当该字段的值为0时，数据报就被丢弃，并发送ICMP报文通知源主机。

(9)8位协议:识别是哪个协议向IP传送数据。

(10) 16位首部检验和:根据IP首部的计算的检验和码。不对首部后面的数据进行计算，ICMP、IGMP、UDP和TCP在它们各自的首部中均含有同时覆盖首部和数据检验和码。如果检验和错误，IP就丢弃收到的数据报，但不生成差错报文，由上层去发现丢弃的数据报并进行重传。

(11）32位源IP地址

(12)32位目的IP地址

(13)选项:可变长的可选信息，选项字段都是以32bit作为界限，在必要的时候插入值位0的填充字节。这样就保证IP首部始终是32bit的整数倍(这是首部长度字段所要求的)。

(14）数据

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* Parameter description: LYD105A HITACHI Sensor control board module

ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a TCP/IP protocol that obtains physical addresses based on IP addresses

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a local area network (LAN) network protocol. It means that the server controls an IP address range, and the client can automatically obtain the IP address and subnet mask assigned by the server when logging in to the server

How do I send application layer data to the Ethernet network?

In each layer, a header is attached to the sent data, which contains the necessary information for the layer, such as the destination address and protocol-related information. Typically, the information provided for the protocol is the packet header, and the content to be sent is the data. From the perspective of the next layer, all packets received from the previous layer are considered to be data of this layer

IP header:

1) 4-bit version: The current protocol version number is 4.

(2) 4-bit header length: The number of 32bit words in the header, including any options, since it is a 4-bit field, the header is up to 60 bytes.

(3) 8-bit service type (TOS): includes a 3-bit priority subfield, a 4-bit TOS subfield, and a 1-bit unused bit that must be set to 0. The TOS of the four bits indicates the minimum delay, maximum throughput, maximum reliability, and minimum cost. Only one of the four bits can be set to 1. If all 4 bits are 0, that means general service.

(4) 16-bit total length: refers to the length of the entire P datagram, in bytes. Using the header length field and the total length field, you can know the starting position and length of the data content in the IP datagram. Because this field is 16 bits long, IP packets can be up to 65,535 bytes long, and the value of this field changes when the datagram is fragmented.

(5) 16-bit identification: Uniquely identifies each datagram sent by the host, and usually its value is increased by 1 for each packet sent.

(6) 3-digit mark

(7) 13-bit film offset

(8) 8-bit lifetime :TTL sets the maximum number of routers that the datagram can pass through, which specifies the lifetime of the datagram. The initial value of the TTL is set by the source host (usually 32 or 64), and its value is subtracted by 1 once it passes through a router that processes it. When the value of this field is 0, the datagram is discarded and an ICMP packet is sent to notify the source host.

(9) 8-bit protocol: Identify which protocol is transmitting data to the IP.

(10) 16-bit header check and: check and code calculated according to the IP header. Without calculating the data after the header, ICMP, IGMP, UDP, and TCP all contain checks and codes that override both the header and the data in their respective headers. If the check and error occurs, the IP address discards the received datagram, but does not generate an error packet. The upper layer discovers the discarded datagram and retransmits it.

(11) 32-bit source IP address

(12) 32-bit destination IP address

(13) Options: Optional information of variable length, option fields are bounded by 32bit, and fill bytes with value bit 0 are inserted when necessary. This ensures that the IP header is always an integer multiple of 32 bits (as required by the header length field).

(14) Data

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